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The Jones Act – Laws & Statutes for the Maritime Work
TITLE 46. APPENDIX. SHIPPING
CHAPTER 18. MERCHANT SEAMEN
PROTECTION AND RELIEF
Statute: 46 USCS Appx § 688 (2002)
If you are a seaman and have been injured on a ship or vessel and your employer is not paying your medical bills, refusing to send you to a medical specialist or not paying you maintenance, then call us for a FREE CONFIDENTIAL CONSULTATION at 1-800-883-9858.
46 USCS § 688. Recovery for injury to or death of
seaman
(a) Application of railway employee statutes;
jurisdiction. Any seaman who shall suffer personal injury in the course
of his employment may, at his election, maintain an action for damages at law,
with the right of trial by jury, and in such action all statutes of the United
States modifying or extending the common-law right or remedy in cases of
personal injury to railway employees shall apply; and in case of the death of
any seaman as a result of any such personal injury the personal representative
of such seaman may maintain an action for damages at law with the right of trial
by jury, and in such action all statutes of the United States conferring or
regulating the right of action for death in the case of railway employees shall
be applicable. Jurisdiction in such actions shall be under the court of the
district in which the defendant employer resides or in which his principal
office is located.
(b) Limitation for certain aliens; applicability
in lieu of other remedy.
(1) No action may be maintained under subsection (a) or
under any other maritime law of the United States for maintenance and cure or
for damages for the injury or death of a person who was not a citizen or
permanent resident alien of the United States at the time of the incident giving
rise to the action, if the incident occurred--
(A) while that person was in the employ of an enterprise
engaged in the exploration, development, or production of offshore mineral or
energy resources--including but not limited to drilling, mapping, surveying,
diving, pipelaying, maintaining, repairing, constructing, or transporting
supplies, equipment or personnel, but not including transporting those resources
by a vessel constructed or adapted primarily to carry oil in bulk in the cargo
spaces; and
(B) in the territorial waters or waters overlaying the
continental shelf of a nation other than the United States, its territories, or
possessions. As used in this paragraph, the term "continental shelf"
has the meaning stated in Article I of the 1958 Convention on the Continental
Shelf.
(2) The provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection
shall not be applicable if the person bringing the action establishes that no
remedy was available to that person--
(A) under the laws of the nation asserting jurisdiction
over the area in which the incident occurred; or
(B) under the laws of the nation in which, at the time of
the incident, the person for whose injury or death a remedy is sought maintained
citizenship or residency
JONES ACT (THE COMPLETE TEXT WITH
ALL SUB-SECTIONS)
I. IN GENERAL
A. General
Principles
1. Generally
2.
Constitutionality
3. Purpose
4. Scope of
coverage
5.
--Exclusions
6.
Construction
7. --With
other laws
B.
Relationship to Other Available Remedies
1.
Traditional Maritime Remedies
8. Generally
9.
Modification of maritime law
10.
Maintenance and cure
11.
Unseaworthiness
12.
--Relationship to negligence action
13.
----Absolute nature of duty of seaworthiness
2. Remedies
Provided by Federal Statute
14. Federal
Employees' Compensation Act (5 USCS § § 8101 et seq.)
15. Longshore
and Harbor Worker's Compensation Act (33 USCS § § 901 et seq.)
16. --Status
of plaintiff
17. Federal
Employers' Liability Act (45 USCS § § 51 et seq.)
18.
--Standards of liability
19. --Use of
precedent
20. --Suits
by survivors
21.
Oceanographic Research Vessels Act (46 USCS Appx § § 441 et seq.)
22. Suits in
Admiralty Act (46 USCS Appx § § 741 et seq.)
23. Death on
the High Seas Act - DOHSA - (46 USCS Appx § § 761 et seq.)
24.
--Congressional intent
25.
--Alternative or cumulative remedies
26. Other
federal laws and treaties
3. Remedies
Provided by State or Territorial Law
27.
Pre-emption
28.
--Supplemental remedies
29.
Compensation acts
30. --Effect
of prior state action on subsequent federal action
31.
----Effect of recovery in state action
32. --Effect
of prior federal action on subsequent state action
33. --Puerto
Rico
34.
----Effect of situs of injury; waters of Puerto Rico
35.
------Outside waters of Puerto Rico
36.
--Particular circumstances
37. Wrongful
death actions
38. --Action
against non-employer
39.
Miscellaneous
C.
Applicability to Foreign Ships, Seamen, and Occurrences
1. In General
40. Generally
41.
Congressional intent
42. Factors
considered
43.
--Substantial contacts
44. --Weighing
and balancing of factors
45.
--Considerations of comity
46. Procedural
considerations
2. Place of
Injury
47. Generally
48. American
territorial waters
49. American
port
50. --Other
American contacts present
51. Foreign
territorial waters or port
52. --Other
American contacts present
53.
----American seaman injured
54. High seas
3. Nationality
or Ownership of Vessel
a. In General
55. Law of the
flag
b. Foreign
Ownership
56. All
contacts foreign
57. American
agent
58. American
business contacts
59. Voyage to
or from American port
60. Injury in
American port or waters
61. Multiple
American contacts present
c. Foreign
Flag Vessels Owned or Operated by American Interests
62. Generally
63. American
agent
64. American
parent corporation
65. American
stock ownership in foreign owner
66.
--Particular percentage of stock or number of stockholders
67. Other
American contacts present
4. Nationality
of Seaman
68. Generally
69. American
seaman
70. --Other
American contacts present
71. Foreign
seaman; all contacts foreign
72. --American
business contacts
73. --Injury
in American port or waters
74. --Voyage
to or from American port
75. --Resident
of United States
76.
--Temporary presence in United States
77. --Presence
or residence in United States after injury
78. --American
spouse
79. --On
American vessel
80. --Multiple
American contacts
81. Collective
nationalities of crew
5. Other
Factors
82. Locus of
employment contract and articles
83. --In
United States
84. --Foreign
locus
85. --Articles
and contract signed in different locations
86.
Contractual choice of foreign law
87. --All
contacts foreign
88. --American
ownership
89. --Voyage
to or from United States
90. --American
business contacts
91. --Other
American contacts
92. Origin and
destination of voyage
93. --Foreign
ports
94. --Foreign
round trip touching American port or injury occurring in American port
95. --American
ports
96. Base of
operations
97. --Foreign
98.
--Principal place of business in United States
99. --American
revenues
100.
--American agent
101. --Other
American business contacts
102. Adequacy
of foreign remedy
103.
--Availability of foreign forum
104. --Effect
of pending or previous foreign litigation
105.
--Availability of evidence and testimony
106.
--Stipulation to post bond and appear in foreign forum
107.
----Particular circumstances
108. Foreign
hostilities
109. Hardship
110.
Miscellaneous factors
II. PERSONS
ENTITLED TO RECOVER
A. Seamen
1. General
Principles
a. In General
111. Generally
112. Scope and
definition of "seaman"
113.
--Construction with Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (33 USCS §
§ 901 et seq.)
114. --As
question of fact
115. --As
question of law
116.
"Member of crew" as seaman
117. Effect of
prior or future status as seaman
b. Tests for
Determining Status as Seaman
118. Generally
119. Aiding in
navigation
120.
Continuous attachment
121.
--Particular circumstances
122. Nature of
work
123.
--Particular duties
124. Location
of work
125. --Working
on multiple vessels
126. --Living
off vessel
127. Place of
injury
128. --On dock
or pier
2. Employed on
"Vessel in Navigation"
a. In General
129. Generally
130. Navigable
waters
131.
--Particular waters
132. Effect of
presence or absence of regular crew
b. Status of
Vessel
133. Vessels
at dock or anchor
134. Vessels
laid up or removed from navigation
135. Vessels
under construction
136. Vessels
undergoing repair
137. Seasonal
repairs and laying-up
c. Particular
Vessels
138. Generally
139.
--Question of law or fact
140. --Special
purpose structures
141. Barges
and scows
142.
--Derricks, cranes, and piledrivers
143. Car
floats
144. Dredges
145. Drilling
platforms
146.
--Submersible drilling barges
147.
Ferryboats
148. Floating
drydocks and related structures
149. Pipe-line
laying structures
150. Rafts
151. Small
craft
152. Tugboats
153.
Miscellaneous
3. Particular
Persons as Seamen
154. Aircraft
occupants
155.
--Helicopter pilots
156. --Fish
spotters
157. Barge and
scow workers
158. Bridge
workers
159.
Carpenters
160.
Construction workers
161. Cooks,
stewards, and other mess personnel
162. Crane or
derrick workers
163. Divers
164.
Dockbuilders and piledriver crews
165. Dredging
crews
166. --Sand
and gravel operations
167.
--Temporary assignments off dredge
168.
--Deckhands
169. Drilling
crews
170.
--Stationary drilling platform
171.
--Roustabouts and roughnecks
172.
--Platform tender crews
173. Drydock
workers and shipbuilders
174. Engineers
175. Ferryboat
crews
176. Fishermen
177. --Effect
of sharing catch for wages
178.
Independent contractors and employees
179. --Barbers
and hairdressers
180.
Longshoremen and stevedores
181. --As
independent contractors or employees
182. --Injured
while on ship or barge
183. --Injured
while doing work of seaman
184. Master of
vessel
185. Pilots
186. Pleasure
boat occupants
187. Radio and
telephone operators
188. Railroad
workers
189. Repair
and maintenance personnel
190.
Scientific and technical personnel
191. Shoreside
workers
192. Special
purpose vessel workers
193. Stowaways
194.
Temporary, casual, or part-time workers
195. Tugboat
personnel
196.
Volunteers
197. Welders
198. Watchmen
199.
Miscellaneous
B.
Representatives or Beneficiaries of Seamen
200. Generally
201. Personal
representatives
202.
--Executors or administrators
203.
--Procedural considerations
204.
Dependency as requisite to recovery
205. Spouse
206.
--Estranged or non-supporting seaman
207.
--Putative spouse
208. Children
209.
--Illegitimate
210. Parents
211. Siblings
212. Fiancees
III.
EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP
A. In General
213. Generally
214.
Relationship with other laws
215. Control
element
216. Ownership
element
217. Multiple
employers
218.
Prospective employment
219. Borrowed
servant rule
220.
--Particular circumstances
221. Employees
of persons other than shipowner
222.
Contractual nature of employment
223. Owner pro
hac vice
224.
--Particular circumstances
B. Particular
Persons or Entities as Employers
225. Agents
226. --For
government entity
227.
Charterers
228.
--Bareboat or demise charter
229. --Time
charter
230.
Contractors
231.
--Particular circumstances
232. Dock
owners
233. Fellow
servants
234.
Government entities--United States
235. --States
and state agencies
236.
--Municipalities
237.
Miscellaneous
C. Injury as
Sustained in Course of Employment
238. Generally
239. On high
seas
240. On board
vessel
241. On dock,
wharf, or pier
242. Ashore
243.
--Particular circumstances
244. While
off-duty on vessel
245. While on
shore leave
246. Boarding
or leaving vessel
247.
--Particular circumstances
248. Commuting
to and from vessel
249.
--Particular circumstances
250.
Pre-employment
251.
Miscellaneous
IV. NEGLIGENCE
A. In General
252. Generally
253. Elements
254. Duty to
employee
255.
--Standard applied
256. --Higher
than for ordinary employer
257. --Nondelegable
258. --Limits
of duty
259.
--Particular circumstances
260. Statutory
duties
261. --Causal
relation to injury
262.
Compliance with custom and general practice
263. Degree of
negligence required for liability
264. Causation
265.
--Inferences
266.
--Particular circumstances
267.
Forseeability
268.
--Knowledge of infirmity or illness
B. Vicarious
Liability
1. In General
269. Generally
270. Fellow
servant's negligence
271.
--Relationship of 46 USCS Appx § 688 to fellow servant rule
272. --Scope
of employment or authority
273.
Superior's negligence
274.
Independent contractor's negligence
275.
--Employees of contractor
2. Particular
Acts of Crew
276. Horseplay
277. Operation
of equipment
278. --Winches
279. Assisting
in leaving vessel
280. Handling
of weapon
281.
Miscellaneous
C.
Circumstances of Injury
1. Assault
a. In General
282. Generally
283.
Self-defense
284. Outside
scope of employment
285. Within
scope of employment
286. Assaults
induced by intoxication
287.
Employer's knowledge; assailant's violent propensities
288.
--Presence of weapons
b. Assaults
Among Crew and Officers
289. By other
crewmen
290. By
officers or superiors on crewmen
291. By
crewmen on officers or superiors
2. Improper
Management and Supervision
a. In General
292.
Instruction or training
293. --Safety
equipment
294. Orders
and working conditions
295. Warnings
296.
Miscellaneous
b. Particular
Acts Supervised
297. Keeping
lookout
298.
Navigation and maneuvering
299. Providing
personnel and assistance
300. Rescue
301.
--Lifesaving equipment
302. Stowage
303.
Miscellaneous
3. Medical
Care
304. Generally
305. Failure
to provide treatment
306.
--Providing medical specialist
307. --Proper
sick room
308. Delay in
treatment
309. Lack of
knowledge of injury or illness
310. Seaman's
refusal of treatment
311.
Negligence of ship's doctor
312.
Negligence of government hospital or doctor
313. Allowing
injured or ill seaman to work
314. Treatment
for mental condition
315.
Miscellaneous
4. Physical
Properties of Vessel and Dock
316. Generally
317. --Egress
and access to vessel
318. Decks and
footing
319. --Food
scraps
320. --Grease
321. --Oil
322. Docks and
piers
323. Doors
324. Engines
and machinery
325. Gangway
and gangplank
326. Hatches
327. Hoses
328. Ladders
329.
Life-saving devices and procedures
330. Lights
331.
--Blackout conditions
332. Lines and
rigging
333.
Protective and safety equipment
334. --Fire
extinguishers
335. --Goggles
336. Quarters
337. Railings
338.
Stevedoring equipment
339. Tools
340. --Best
tool not required
341. --Simple
tool doctrine
342. Walkways
and catwalks
343.
Miscellaneous
5. Other
Circumstances
344.
Intoxication
345. War
conditions
346.
Weather-related injuries
347.
Miscellaneous
V. DEFENSES
A. Seaman's
Acts or Omissions
1.
Contributory and Comparative Negligence
348.
Contributory negligence
349.
Comparative negligence
350. Reduction
of damages
351.
Application to state proceedings
352. Seaman's
duty and standard of conduct
353.
--Considerations of age and experience
354.
Employer's violation of safety rules
355.
Performance of supervisory functions
356.
Obedience to orders
357. Failure
to protest, report, or remedy dangerous condition
2. Assumption
of Risk
358.
Generally
359. Relation
to contributory negligence
360.
Applicability to longshoremen and other shore personnel
361. Ordinary
risks of occupation
362. Unsafe
appliances or working conditions
363.
--Seaman's choice between safe and unsafe appliances or methods
364. Obeying
orders
365.
Disobeying orders
3.
Contributory Negligence and Assumption of Risk Under Particular Circumstances
366. Assaults
367. Doors
368.
Emergencies
369. Engines
and machinery
370.
Explosions
371. Fellow
servant's negligence
372. Gangways
373. Hatches
374.
Intoxication
375. Ladders
376. Lighting
377. Lines
and rigging
378. Loading
and unloading operations
379.
Pre-existing disability of seaman
380.
--Particular illnesses
381.
Protective devices and safety equipment
382.
--Goggles
383. Slippery
footing
384.
--Obstructed footing
385. Stairs,
catwalks, and walkways
386. Tools
and equipment
387. Unsafe
work methods
388.
Miscellaneous
B. Release
389.
Generally
390.
Relationship with other laws
391. --State
laws
392.
Construction of release
393. Validity
394.
--Mistake, deception, coercion
395. ----As
to seaman's condition
396.
--Necessity of competent advice
397.
--Requirement of disclosure by shipowner or agent
398. --Burden
of proving validity
399.
Avoidance
400. --Tender
of settlement amount
401. Effect of
release
402. --Of
third parties
403. --By
third parties
C. Limitations
of Actions
1. Statutory
Limitations
404.
Applicable limitation period
405.
--Applicability of Federal Employer's Liability Act (45 USCS § § 51 et seq.)
406.
--Combined causes of action
407. --Effect
of state limitation statutes
408.
Substantive character of limitation period
409.
Commencement of limitation period--illness
410. --Injury
411. --Death
412. --Other
413. Extension
or tolling
414.
--Hardship and special circumstances
415. --By
filing action
416. Effect of
expiration on maritime remedies
417. Amendment
of complaint following expiration; as to cause of action
418. --As to
defendants
419. --As to
particulars
420. Waiver or
estoppel of assertion of limitation period
2. Laches
421. Generally
422. Court's
discretion
423. Combined
actions
424. Use of
analogous statutory limitation
425. Prejudice
426. Excuse
427. Burden of
proof
D. Collateral
Estoppel and Res Judicata
428. Effect of
Jones Act proceeding on other federal actions
429. Prior
proceeding under Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (33 USCS § §
901 et seq.)
430. Relation
between Jones Act and general maritime proceedings
431. --Prior
Jones Act proceeding
432. --Prior
maritime proceeding
433. Effect of
prior Jones Act proceeding on State action
434. Effect of
prior state action on Jones Act proceeding
435. --Prior
workers' compensation proceeding
436.
Particular circumstances
E. Limitation
of Liability
437. Generally
438. Defense
to action under 46 USCS Appx § 688
439. Enjoining
Jones Act proceeding
440. State
court proceedings
F. Other
Defenses
441. Common
law defenses
442. --Last
clear chance
443. Fraud
444.
Miscellaneous defenses
VI. DAMAGES
A. In General
445. Generally
446. Relation
to damages under general maritime law
447.
--Cumulative awards
448. Law
governing
449.
Collateral source rule
450.
Limitation of damages agreements
451.
Attorney's fees and costs
452. --Failure
to pay maintenance and cure
453. Punitive
damages
454. --For
inadequate maintenance and cure
455.
Mitigation
456. --Duty to
seek medical treatment
457.
--Seaman's own fault
458.
----Particular circumstances
459.
Apportionment of damages among defendants
460.
Indemnification
461. --Between
shipowner and stevedoring company
462. Interest
463. --Where
joined with general maritime action
464. --Post
judgment interest
465. Additur
and remittitur
B. Damages for
Personal Injury
1. Elements of
Damages
466. Generally
467.
Aggravation of pre-existing injury
468. Loss of
consortium, society, and support
469. Loss of
earnings
470. Loss of
future earnings
471. --Seaman
earning more after accident
472. Medical
expenses
473. Mental
anguish
474. Pain and
suffering
475.
Miscellaneous
2. Deductions
>From Award
476. Insurance
benefits
477. Statutory
compensation payments
478. --Longshore
and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (33 USCS § § 901 et seq.)
479.
Miscellaneous
C. Damages For
Wrongful Death
1. Elements of
Damages
480. Generally
481. Relation
to Federal Employer's Liability Act (45 USCS § § 51 et seq.)
482.
Nonpecuniary losses
483. Claims by
parents
484.
Nonsupport
485.
Estrangement
486. Child's
prospects
487. Fringe
benefits
488. Funeral
expenses
489. Loss of
consortium
490. Loss of
nurture and guidance
491. Loss of
services
492. Loss of
society
493.
--Recovery under general maritime law
494. Loss of
inheritance
495. Pain and
suffering of decedent
496.
--Instantaneous or unconscious death
497. Anguish
and grief of survivors
2. Computation
of Award
498. Net or
gross earnings
499. Wage
increases and decreases
500. Deduction
for income taxes
501. Personal
expenses of decedent
502. Actuarial
tables
503. Effect of
inflation
504.
--Discount of award
505.
Distribution of award
506.
Miscellaneous
VII. PRACTICE
AND PROCEDURE
A. State Court
Actions
507. Generally
508.
Concurrent state court jurisdiction
509.
Applicable substantive law
510.
Applicable rules of procedure
511.
Sufficiency of contacts with state
512. Suits
against United States
513. State
boards and commissions
B.
Jurisdiction
1. In General
514. Generally
515.
"Jurisdiction" defined
516. Admiralty
jurisdiction
517.
--Proceedings in admiralty or at law
518. --In rem
or in personam proceedings
519. Actions
against states
520. Choice of
law
521. Parties
and standing
2. Bases of
Jurisdiction
522.
Sufficiency of contacts with jurisdiction
523. Amount in
controversy
524. Diversity
of citizenship
525.
--Pendent, interpleaded, or joined parties
526.
--Particular circumstances
527. Federal
question jurisdiction
528. Pendent
jurisdiction
529. Contacts
with United States required for jurisdiction over foreign parties
C. Venue
1. In General
530. Generally
531.
Applicability to other actions
532. --Suits
in admiralty
533. State
court action
534. Transfer
of venue
535.
--Particular circumstances
536. Waiver of
objection to venue
537. --Absence
or form of appearance
2. Bases of
Venue
538. Generally
539.
Partnerships and unincorporated associations
540. Corporate
defendants
541.
--Applicability of 28 USCS § 1391
542.
--"Principal office" defined
543. --Point
in time at which corporation is doing business in district
544. --Agents
for corporation
545. --Alien
corporations
546.
--Dissolved corporations
3. Forum Non
Conveniens
547. Generally
548.
Applicability of doctrine where Jones Act applies
549.
Discretion of court
550.
Availability of evidence and witnesses
551. American
contacts; place of injury
552. --Direct
or indirect ownership
553.
--Business contacts
554. --All
contacts foreign
555.
Miscellaneous
D. Election of
Alternative Remedies
1. In General
556. Generally
557. Effect on
right to jury trial
558. Who may
make election
559. Manner of
making election
560. Time for
making election
561. --Amended
or subsequent actions
2. Electing
Particular Remedies
562. Generally
563.
Maintenance and cure
564. --Effect
of previous recovery under 46 USCS Appx § 688
565.
Preclusion of double recovery
566.
Unseaworthiness
567.
--Necessity of making election
568. Death on
High Seas Act (46 USCS Appx § § 761 et seq.)
E. Institution
of Action
569. Service
of process
570. Securing
costs
571.
Attachment of vessel
F. Pleadings
and Motions
1. Complaint
572. Generally
573. Necessary
allegations
574. --Status
as seaman
575.
--Negligence
576. --Injury
or death
577. ----In
course of employment
578. ----Place
of injury
579. --Damages
580.
--Reference to 46 USCS Appx § 688
581. Joinder
or severance of claims
582. --Claim
for maintenance and cure
583. --Claim
for unseaworthiness
584.
--Different claims against different defendants
585. Amendment
586. Variance
587.
Miscellaneous
2. Answer
588. Amendment
589. Impleader
590.
Counterclaims
591.
Miscellaneous
3. Motions
592.
Continuances
593. Directed
verdicts and judgments n. o. v.
594.
--Standards for granting or denying
595. Summary
judgments
G. Removal and
Remand
596. Generally
597. Relation
to removal provision of 28 USCS § 1445
598. What
constitutes separate and distinct actions
599.
Circumstances under which removable
600. Waiver of
removal objections
601. Motion to
remand
H. Discovery
602. Generally
603.
Interrogatories
604.
Depositions
605.
Inspection of vessel
606. Documents
and records
607.
--Plaintiff's discovery of own statements
608. --Log
entries and medical reports
609.
Disclosing names of witnesses
I. Jury
1. Right To
Jury Trial
610. Generally
611. Demand by
seaman
612. Demand by
defendant
613. Waiver
614. Election
615. Effect of
joinder of actions
616. --Joinder
of parties
617. --Pendent
claims
618.
--Counterclaims
619.
Composition of jury
620.
Miscellaneous
2. Submission
of Issues
621. Generally
622. Removal
of issues from jury
623.
Particular issues submitted
624.
--Seaman's status
625.
--Negligence
626.
----Defect in or use of appliances
627. ----Foreseeability
628.
----Causation
629. --Fellow
servant's negligence
630. --Injury
631.
--Seaman's contributory or comparative negligence
632. --Damages
633. Special
interrogatories
634.
Instructions
635.
--Preserving or failing to preserve error
636.
--Separate theories
J. Evidence
1. In General
637. Generally
638.
Circumstantial evidence
639.
Presumptions and inferences
640.
--Causation
641.
--Dependency or pecuniary harm
642. Res ipsa
loquitur doctrine
643.
--Explosions
644. --Falling
objects
645. --Other
particular applications
646. Judicial
notice
647. View by
jury
648.
Credibility of witnesses
649.
Miscellaneous
2. Plaintiff's
Burden of Proof
650. Generally
651. Degree of
proof
652.
Negligence
653.
Employer-employee relationship
654.
--Evidence of payments under 33 USCS § § 901 et seq.
655. Causation
656.
--Particular circumstances
657. Pecuniary
loss
658. Pain and
suffering
659. Seaman's
status
660. Other
issues
3. Defendant's
Burden of Proof
661. Generally
662.
Contributory negligence and assumption of risk
663.
Settlement and release
4.
Admissibility of Evidence
664.
Admissions
665. Custom
and practice
666. Habit and
reputation
667. Expert
and opinion evidence
668.
--Qualifications of experts
669. --Medical
experts
670. Res
gestae
671. Written
records; log books
672. --Medical
673. Other
particular evidence
K. Appeal and
Review
674. Generally
675.
Reviewable decisions
676. Scope and
standard of review
677. State
appellate review
678. --Federal
rules applicable
679.
Sufficiency of evidence
680.
--Particular circumstances
681. Damages
682. De novo
consideration on appeal
683. Lack of
witnesses or testimony in lower court
684.
Miscellaneous
L. Settlement
685. Generally
686. Claims of
minors

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